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These are the main installation characteristics enabling the defining of the fundamentals and details of the electrical distribution architecture. For each of these characteristics, we supply a definition and the different categories or possible values.  
These are the main installation characteristics enabling the defining of the fundamentals and details of the electrical distribution architecture. For each of these characteristics, we supply a definition and the different categories or possible values.  


==== 1. Activity<br>  ====
== Sectors of activities ==
===== Definition:<br> =====
 
Main economic activity carried out on the site.
=== Definition ===
===== Indicative list of sectors considered for industrial buildings:<br>  =====
Among the definitions proposed by IEC60364-8-1 § 3.4, mainly those listed below are part of this chapter.
*Manufacturing
 
*Food &amp; Beverage
=== Residential buildings===
*Logistics
*  Premises designed and constructed for private habitation
===== Indicative list of sectors considered for tertiary buildings:<br> =====
 
*Offices buildings  
=== Commercial ===
*Hypermarkets
* Premises designed and constructed for commercial operations{{fn|1}}
*Shopping malls
 
=== Industry ===
* Premises designed and constructed for manufacturing and processing of operations{{fn|2}}
 
=== Infrastructure ===
* Systems or premises designed and constructed for the transport and utility operation{{fn|3}}
 
== Site topology ==
 
=== Definition ===
 
Architectural characteristic of the building(s), taking into account the number of buildings, number of floors, and of the surface area of each floor.
 
=== Different categories ===


==== <br>2. Site topology<br> ====
===== Definition:<br> =====
Architectural characteristic of the building(s), taking account of the number of buildings, number of floors, and of the surface area of each floor.
===== Different categories:<br>  =====
*Single storey building,  
*Single storey building,  
*Multi-storey building,  
*Multi-storey building,  
Line 22: Line 32:
*High-rise building.
*High-rise building.


==== '''<br>3. Layout latitude'''  ====
== Layout latitude ==


===== '''Definition:'''  =====
=== Definition ===
 
Characteristic taking account of constraints in terms of the layout of the electrical equipment in the building:


Characteristic taking into account the constraints in terms of the layout of the electrical equipment in the building:
*aesthetics,  
*aesthetics,  
*accessibility,  
*accessibility,  
*presence of dedicated locations,  
*presence of dedicated locations,  
*use of technical corridors (per floor),  
*use of technical corridors (per floor),  
*use of technical ducts (vertical).'''<br>'''
*use of technical ducts (vertical).


===== Different categories: =====
=== Different categories  ===


*&nbsp;Low: the position of the electrical equipment is virtually imposed  
*Low: the position of the electrical equipment is virtually imposed  
*Medium: the position of the electrical equipment is partially imposed, to the detriment of the criteria to be satisfied  
*Medium: the position of the electrical equipment is partially imposed, to the detriment of the criteria to be satisfied  
*High: no constraints. The position of the electrical equipment can be defined to best satisfy the criteria.
*High: no constraints.The position of the electrical equipment can be defined to best satisfy the criteria.


==== <br>4. Service reliability ====
== Service reliability{{fn|5}} ==


===== Definition: =====
=== Definition  ===


The ability of a power system to meet its supply function under stated conditions for a specified period of time.<br>
The ability of a power system to meet its supply function under stated conditions for a specified period of time.


===== Different categories: =====
=== Different categories  ===


*Minimum: this level of service reliability implies risk of interruptions related to constraints that are geographical (separate network, area distant from power production centers), technical (overhead line, poorly meshed system), or economic (insufficient maintenance, under-dimensioned generation).  
*Minimum: this level of service reliability implies risk of interruptions related to constraints that are geographical (separate network, area distant from power production centers), technical (overhead line, poorly meshed system), or economic (insufficient maintenance, under-dimensioned generation).  
*Standard  
*Standard  
*Enhanced: this level of service reliability can be obtained by special measures taken to reduce the probability of interruption (underground network, strong meshing, etc.)
*Enhanced: this level of service reliability can be obtained by special measures taken to reduce the probability of interruption (underground network, strong meshing, etc.)
==== <br>5. Maintainability  ====


===== Definition:  =====
== Maintainability{{fn|5}} ==
 
=== Definition===


Features input during design to limit the impact of maintenance actions on the operation of the whole or part of the installation.  
Features input during design to limit the impact of maintenance actions on the operation of the whole or part of the installation.  


===== Different categories:  =====
=== Different categories ===


*Minimum: the installation must be stopped to carry out maintenance operations.  
*Minimum: the installation must be stopped to carry out maintenance operations.  
Line 63: Line 73:
*Enhanced: special measures are taken to allow maintenance operations without disturbing the installation operations. Example: double-ended configuration.
*Enhanced: special measures are taken to allow maintenance operations without disturbing the installation operations. Example: double-ended configuration.


==== <br>6. Installation flexibility  ====
== Installation flexibility  ==


===== Definition:  =====
=== Definition ===


Possibility of easily moving electricity delivery points within the installation, or to easily increase the power supplied at certain points. Flexibility is a criterion which also appears due to the uncertainty of the building during the pre-project summary stage.  
Possibility of easily moving electricity delivery points within the installation, or to easily increase the power supplied at certain points. Flexibility is a criterion which also appears due to the uncertainty of the building during the pre-project summary stage.  


===== Different categories:  =====
=== Different categories ===


*No flexibility: the position of loads is fixed throughout the lifecycle, due to the high constraints related to the building construction or the high weight of the supplied process. E.g.: smelting works.  
*No flexibility: the position of loads is fixed throughout the lifecycle, due to the high constraints related to the building construction or the high weight of the supplied process. E.g.: smelting works.  
Line 75: Line 85:
*Implementation flexibility: the loads can be installed after the installation is commissioned.  
*Implementation flexibility: the loads can be installed after the installation is commissioned.  
*Operating flexibility: the position of loads will fluctuate, according to process re-organization.
*Operating flexibility: the position of loads will fluctuate, according to process re-organization.
**industrial building: extension, splitting and changing usage
**office building: splitting


Examples:<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''-''' industrial building: extension, splitting and changing usage<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; - office building: splitting
== Power demand  ==
 
====<br> 7. Power demand  ====
 
===== Definition:  =====
 
The sum of the apparent load power (in kVA), to which is applied a usage coefficient. This represents the maximum power which can be consumed at a given time for the installation, with the possibility of limited overloads that are of short duration.<br>Significant power ranges correspond to the transformer power limits most commonly used:
 
*&lt; 630kVA
*rom 630 to 1250kVA
*from 1250 to 2500kVA
*&gt; 2500kVA


==== <br>8. Load distribution  ====
=== Definition===


===== Definition: =====
It's the maximum power and apparrent power demands actually required to dimension the installation (see [[Power loading of an installation]] for more information):
* < 630kVA
* from 630 to 1250kVA
* from 1250 to 2500kVA
* > 2500kVA


A characteristic related to the uniformity of load distribution (in kVA / m²) over an area or throughout the building.
== Load distribution ==


===== Different categories:  =====
=== Definition ===


*Uniform distribution: the loads are generally of an average or low unit power and spread throughout the surface area or over a large area of the building (uniform density).<br>E.g.: lighting, individual workstations
A characteristic related to the uniformity of load distribution (in kVA / m<sup>2</sup>) over an area or throughout the building.  


*intermediate distribution: the loads are generally of medium power, placed in groups over the whole building surface area<br>E.g.: machines for assembly, conveying, workstations, modular logistics “sites”
=== Different categories ===


*localized loads: the loads are generally high power and localized in several areas of the building (non-uniform density).<br>E.g.: HVAC
*Uniform distribution: the loads are generally of an average or low unit power and spread throughout the surface area or over a large area of the building (uniform density).
:E.g.: lighting, individual workstations
*intermediate distribution: the loads are generally of medium power, placed in groups over the whole building surface area
:E.g.: machines for assembly, conveying, workstations, modular logistics “sites”
*localized loads: the loads are generally high power and localized in several areas of the building (non-uniform density).
:E.g.: HVAC


==== <br>9. Power Interruption Sensitivity ====
== Voltage Interruption Sensitivity{{fn|5}} ==


===== Definition:  =====
=== Definition===


The aptitude of a circuit to accept a power interruption.  
The aptitude of a circuit to accept a power interruption.  


===== Different categories:  =====
=== Different categories ===


*“Sheddable” circuit: possible to shut down at any time for an indefinite duration  
*“Sheddable” circuit: possible to shut down at any time for an indefinite duration  
*Long interruption acceptable: interruption time &gt; 3 minutes *
*Long interruption acceptable: interruption time &gt; 3 minutes{{fn|4}}
*Short interruption acceptable: interruption time &lt; 3 minutes *
*Short interruption acceptable: interruption time &lt; 3 minutes{{fn|4}} 
*No interruption acceptable.
*No interruption acceptable.


Line 124: Line 134:


This is expressed in terms of the criticality of supplying of loads or circuits.  
This is expressed in terms of the criticality of supplying of loads or circuits.  
*Non-critical:
*Non-critical:
 
:The load or the circuit can be “shed” at any time. E.g.: sanitary water heating circuit.  
The load or the circuit can be “shed” at any time. E.g.: sanitary water heating circuit.  
 
*Low criticality:
*Low criticality:
 
:A power interruption causes temporary discomfort for the occupants of a building, without any financial consequences. Prolonging of the interruption beyond the critical time can cause a loss of production or lower productivity. E.g.: heating, ventilation and air conditioning circuits (HVAC).  
A power interruption causes temporary discomfort for the occupants of a building, without any financial consequences. Prolonging of the interruption beyond the critical time can cause a loss of production or lower productivity. E.g.: heating, ventilation and air conditioning circuits (HVAC).  
 
*Medium criticality
*Medium criticality
:A power interruption causes a short break in process or service. Prolonging of the interruption beyond a critical time can cause a deterioration of the production facilities or a cost of starting for starting back up.
:E.g.: refrigerated units, lifts.
*High criticality
:Any power interruption causes mortal danger or unacceptable financial losses.
:E.g.: operating theatre, IT department, security department.


A power interruption causes a short break in process or service. Prolonging of the interruption beyond a critical time can cause a deterioration of the production facilities or a cost of starting for starting back up.<br>E.g.: refrigerated units, lifts.
== Disturbance sensitivity  ==
 
*High criticality


Any power interruption causes mortal danger or unacceptable financial losses. <br>E.g.: operating theatre, IT department, security department.
=== Definition  ===


{| style="width: 794px; height: 31px" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="794" border="1"
The ability of a circuit to work correctly in presence of an electrical power disturbance.
|-
| * indicative value, supplied by standard EN50160: “Characteristics of the voltage supplied by public distribution networks”.
|}


==== <br>10.&nbsp;Disturbance sensitivity  ====
A disturbance can lead to varying degrees of malfunctioning. E.g.: stopping working, incorrect working, accelerated ageing, increase of losses, etc


===== Definition  =====
Types of disturbances with an impact on circuit operations:
* overvoltages
* voltage harmonic distorsion,
* voltage drop, voltage dip
* voltage fluctuation,
* voltage imbalance.


The ability of a circuit to work correctly in presence of an electrical power disturbance.<br>A disturbance can lead to varying degrees of malfunctioning. E.g.: stopping working, incorrect working, accelerated ageing, increase of losses, etc<br>Types of disturbances with an impact on circuit operations:
=== Different categories ===


*brown-outs,
*low sensitivity: disturbances in supply voltages have very little effect on operations.
*overvoltages
:E.g.: heating device.
*voltage distortion,  
*medium sensitivity: voltage disturbances cause a notable deterioration in operations.
*voltage fluctuation,
:E.g.: motors, lighting.
*voltage imbalance.
*high sensitivity: voltage disturbances can cause operation stoppages or even the deterioration of the supplied equipment.
:E.g.: IT equipment.


===== Different categories: =====
The sensitivity of circuits to disturbances determines the design of shared or dedicated power circuits. Indeed it is better to separate “sensitive” loads from “disturbing” loads. E.g.: separating lighting circuits from motor supply circuits.


*low sensitivity: disturbances in supply voltages have very little effect on operations.<br>E.g.: heating device.
This choice also depends on operating features. E.g.: separate power supply of lighting circuits to enable measurement of power consumption.  
*medium sensitivity: voltage disturbances cause a notable deterioration in operations.<br>E.g.: motors, lighting.
*high sensitivity: voltage disturbances can cause operation stoppages or even the deterioration of the supplied equipment.<br>E.g.: IT equipment.


The sensitivity of circuits to disturbances determines the design of shared or dedicated power circuits. Indeed it is better to separate “sensitive” loads from “disturbing” loads. E.g.: separating lighting circuits from motor supply circuits.<br>This choice also depends on operating features. E.g.: separate power supply of lighting circuits to enable measurement of power consumption.
== Disturbance potential of circuits  ==
==== <br>11. Disturbance capability of circuits  ====


===== Definition  =====
=== Definition  ===


The ability of a circuit to disturb the operation of surrounding circuits due to phenomena such as: harmonics, in-rush current, imbalance, High Frequency currents, electromagnetic radiation, etc.  
The ability of a circuit to disturb the operation of surrounding circuits due to phenomena such as: harmonics, in-rush current, imbalance, High Frequency currents, electromagnetic radiation, etc.  


===== Different categories  =====
=== Different categories  ===


*Non disturbing: no specific precaution to take  
*Non disturbing: no specific precaution to take  
*moderate or occasional disturbance: separate power supply may be necessary in the presence of medium or high sensitivity circuits. E.g.: lighting circuit generating harmonic currents.  
*moderate or occasional disturbance: separate power supply may be necessary in the presence of medium or high sensitivity circuits. E.g.: lighting circuit generating harmonic currents.  
*Very disturbing: a dedicated power circuit or ways of attenuating disturbances are essential for the correct functioning of the installation. E.g.: electrical motor with a strong start-up current, welding equipment with fluctuating current.
*Very disturbing: a dedicated power circuit or ways of attenuating disturbances are essential for the correct functioning of the installation. E.g.: electrical motor with a strong start-up current, welding equipment with fluctuating current.
==== <br>12. Other considerations or constraints  ====
*Environment


E.g.: lightning classification, sun exposure
== Other considerations or constraints  ==


*Specific rules
*Specific rules
 
:E.g.: hospitals, high rise buildings, etc.  
E.g.: hospitals, high rise buildings, etc.  
 
*Rule of the Energy Distributor
*Rule of the Energy Distributor
 
:Example: limits of connection power for LV, access to MV substation, etc  
Example: limits of connection power for LV, access to MV substation, etc  
 
*Attachment loads
*Attachment loads
 
:Loads attached to 2 independent circuits for reasons of redundancy.  
Loads attached to 2 independent circuits for reasons of redundancy.  
 
*Designer experience
*Designer experience
:Consistency with previous designs or partial usage of previous designs, standardization of sub-assemblies, existence of an installed equipment base.
*Load power supply constraints
:Voltage level (230V, 400V, 690V), voltage system (single-phase, three-phase with or without neutral, etc)


Consistency with previous designs or partial usage of previous designs, standardization of sub-assemblies, existence of an installed equipment base.  
{{footnotes}}
 
<references>
*Load power supply constraints
{{fn-detail|1|Examples of commercial building: offices, retail, distribution, public buildings, banks, hotels.}}
{{fn-detail|2|Examples of industrial buildings: factories, workshops, distribution centers.}}
{{fn-detail|3|Examples of infrastructure: airport, harbours, rails, transport facilites.}}
{{fn-detail|4|indicative value, supplied by standard EN50160: “Characteristics of the voltage supplied by public distribution networks”.}}
{{fn-detail|5|For more information about downtime prevention, and the latest solutions to mitigate the risks, download the [https://download.schneider-electric.com/files?p_Doc_Ref{{=}}998-21359052_GMA Power Availability and Reliability Guide]}}
</references>


Voltage level (230V, 400V, 690V), voltage system (single-phase, three-phase with or without neutral, etc)
{{Related-guides-intro}}
{{RelatedGuide
|image=Hp-highlight-availability-guide-2022.png
|title=Power Availability and Reliability Guide
|text=The guide outlines innovative solutions from Schneider Electric™ covering the four main areas of Power Availability and Reliability:
*Digital and power systems reference designs
*How selectivity enhances uptime
*Electrical asset management
*Fault localization, root cause analysis, and power recovery
|btn-text=Download the guide (.pdf)
|link=https://download.schneider-electric.com/files?p_Doc_Ref=998-21359052_GMA
}}

Latest revision as of 13:40, 17 May 2022

These are the main installation characteristics enabling the defining of the fundamentals and details of the electrical distribution architecture. For each of these characteristics, we supply a definition and the different categories or possible values.

Sectors of activities

Definition

Among the definitions proposed by IEC60364-8-1 § 3.4, mainly those listed below are part of this chapter.

Residential buildings

  • Premises designed and constructed for private habitation

Commercial

  • Premises designed and constructed for commercial operations[1]

Industry

  • Premises designed and constructed for manufacturing and processing of operations[2]

Infrastructure

  • Systems or premises designed and constructed for the transport and utility operation[3]

Site topology

Definition

Architectural characteristic of the building(s), taking into account the number of buildings, number of floors, and of the surface area of each floor.

Different categories

  • Single storey building,
  • Multi-storey building,
  • Multi-building site,
  • High-rise building.

Layout latitude

Definition

Characteristic taking into account the constraints in terms of the layout of the electrical equipment in the building:

  • aesthetics,
  • accessibility,
  • presence of dedicated locations,
  • use of technical corridors (per floor),
  • use of technical ducts (vertical).

Different categories

  • Low: the position of the electrical equipment is virtually imposed
  • Medium: the position of the electrical equipment is partially imposed, to the detriment of the criteria to be satisfied
  • High: no constraints.The position of the electrical equipment can be defined to best satisfy the criteria.

Service reliability[4]

Definition

The ability of a power system to meet its supply function under stated conditions for a specified period of time.

Different categories

  • Minimum: this level of service reliability implies risk of interruptions related to constraints that are geographical (separate network, area distant from power production centers), technical (overhead line, poorly meshed system), or economic (insufficient maintenance, under-dimensioned generation).
  • Standard
  • Enhanced: this level of service reliability can be obtained by special measures taken to reduce the probability of interruption (underground network, strong meshing, etc.)

Maintainability[4]

Definition

Features input during design to limit the impact of maintenance actions on the operation of the whole or part of the installation.

Different categories

  • Minimum: the installation must be stopped to carry out maintenance operations.
  • Standard: maintenance operations can be carried out during installation operations, but with deteriorated performance. These operations must be preferably scheduled during periods of low activity. Example: several transformers with partial redundancy and load shedding.
  • Enhanced: special measures are taken to allow maintenance operations without disturbing the installation operations. Example: double-ended configuration.

Installation flexibility

Definition

Possibility of easily moving electricity delivery points within the installation, or to easily increase the power supplied at certain points. Flexibility is a criterion which also appears due to the uncertainty of the building during the pre-project summary stage.

Different categories

  • No flexibility: the position of loads is fixed throughout the lifecycle, due to the high constraints related to the building construction or the high weight of the supplied process. E.g.: smelting works.
  • Flexibility of design: the number of delivery points, the power of loads or their location are not precisely known.
  • Implementation flexibility: the loads can be installed after the installation is commissioned.
  • Operating flexibility: the position of loads will fluctuate, according to process re-organization.
    • industrial building: extension, splitting and changing usage
    • office building: splitting

Power demand

Definition

It's the maximum power and apparrent power demands actually required to dimension the installation (see Power loading of an installation for more information):

  • < 630kVA
  • from 630 to 1250kVA
  • from 1250 to 2500kVA
  • > 2500kVA

Load distribution

Definition

A characteristic related to the uniformity of load distribution (in kVA / m2) over an area or throughout the building.

Different categories

  • Uniform distribution: the loads are generally of an average or low unit power and spread throughout the surface area or over a large area of the building (uniform density).
E.g.: lighting, individual workstations
  • intermediate distribution: the loads are generally of medium power, placed in groups over the whole building surface area
E.g.: machines for assembly, conveying, workstations, modular logistics “sites”
  • localized loads: the loads are generally high power and localized in several areas of the building (non-uniform density).
E.g.: HVAC

Voltage Interruption Sensitivity[4]

Definition

The aptitude of a circuit to accept a power interruption.

Different categories

  • “Sheddable” circuit: possible to shut down at any time for an indefinite duration
  • Long interruption acceptable: interruption time > 3 minutes[5]
  • Short interruption acceptable: interruption time < 3 minutes[5]
  • No interruption acceptable.

We can distinguish various levels of severity of an electrical power interruption, according to the possible consequences:

  • No notable consequence,
  • Loss of production,
  • Deterioration of the production facilities or loss of sensitive data,
  • Causing mortal danger.

This is expressed in terms of the criticality of supplying of loads or circuits.

  • Non-critical:
The load or the circuit can be “shed” at any time. E.g.: sanitary water heating circuit.
  • Low criticality:
A power interruption causes temporary discomfort for the occupants of a building, without any financial consequences. Prolonging of the interruption beyond the critical time can cause a loss of production or lower productivity. E.g.: heating, ventilation and air conditioning circuits (HVAC).
  • Medium criticality
A power interruption causes a short break in process or service. Prolonging of the interruption beyond a critical time can cause a deterioration of the production facilities or a cost of starting for starting back up.
E.g.: refrigerated units, lifts.
  • High criticality
Any power interruption causes mortal danger or unacceptable financial losses.
E.g.: operating theatre, IT department, security department.

Disturbance sensitivity

Definition

The ability of a circuit to work correctly in presence of an electrical power disturbance.

A disturbance can lead to varying degrees of malfunctioning. E.g.: stopping working, incorrect working, accelerated ageing, increase of losses, etc

Types of disturbances with an impact on circuit operations:

  • overvoltages
  • voltage harmonic distorsion,
  • voltage drop, voltage dip
  • voltage fluctuation,
  • voltage imbalance.

Different categories

  • low sensitivity: disturbances in supply voltages have very little effect on operations.
E.g.: heating device.
  • medium sensitivity: voltage disturbances cause a notable deterioration in operations.
E.g.: motors, lighting.
  • high sensitivity: voltage disturbances can cause operation stoppages or even the deterioration of the supplied equipment.
E.g.: IT equipment.

The sensitivity of circuits to disturbances determines the design of shared or dedicated power circuits. Indeed it is better to separate “sensitive” loads from “disturbing” loads. E.g.: separating lighting circuits from motor supply circuits.

This choice also depends on operating features. E.g.: separate power supply of lighting circuits to enable measurement of power consumption.

Disturbance potential of circuits

Definition

The ability of a circuit to disturb the operation of surrounding circuits due to phenomena such as: harmonics, in-rush current, imbalance, High Frequency currents, electromagnetic radiation, etc.

Different categories

  • Non disturbing: no specific precaution to take
  • moderate or occasional disturbance: separate power supply may be necessary in the presence of medium or high sensitivity circuits. E.g.: lighting circuit generating harmonic currents.
  • Very disturbing: a dedicated power circuit or ways of attenuating disturbances are essential for the correct functioning of the installation. E.g.: electrical motor with a strong start-up current, welding equipment with fluctuating current.

Other considerations or constraints

  • Specific rules
E.g.: hospitals, high rise buildings, etc.
  • Rule of the Energy Distributor
Example: limits of connection power for LV, access to MV substation, etc
  • Attachment loads
Loads attached to 2 independent circuits for reasons of redundancy.
  • Designer experience
Consistency with previous designs or partial usage of previous designs, standardization of sub-assemblies, existence of an installed equipment base.
  • Load power supply constraints
Voltage level (230V, 400V, 690V), voltage system (single-phase, three-phase with or without neutral, etc)

Notes

  1. ^ Examples of commercial building: offices, retail, distribution, public buildings, banks, hotels.
  2. ^ Examples of industrial buildings: factories, workshops, distribution centers.
  3. ^ Examples of infrastructure: airport, harbours, rails, transport facilites.
  4. ^ 1 2 3 For more information about downtime prevention, and the latest solutions to mitigate the risks, download the Power Availability and Reliability Guide
  5. ^ 1 2 indicative value, supplied by standard EN50160: “Characteristics of the voltage supplied by public distribution networks”.

Related technical guides

Download the guide (.pdf)
Power Availability and Reliability Guide
The guide outlines innovative solutions from Schneider Electric™ covering the four main areas of Power Availability and Reliability:
  • Digital and power systems reference designs
  • How selectivity enhances uptime
  • Electrical asset management
  • Fault localization, root cause analysis, and power recovery
Download the guide (.pdf)
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