Origin of harmonics: Difference between revisions
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== Harmonic currents == | |||
Equipment comprising power electronics circuits are typical non-linear loads and generate harmonic currents. Such loads are increasingly frequent in all industrial, commercial and residential installations and their percentage in overall electrical | |||
consumption is growing steadily. | |||
*Industrial equipment (welding machines, arc | '''Examples include:''' | ||
*Variable | * Industrial equipment (welding machines, arc and induction furnaces, battery chargers), | ||
* | * Variable Speed Drives for AC or DC motors, | ||
*Office equipment ( | * Uninterruptible Power Supplies, | ||
* | * Office equipment (PCs, printers, servers, etc.), | ||
* Household appliances (TV sets, microwave ovens, fluorescent lighting, light dimmers). | |||
-- | == Harmonic voltages == | ||
In order to understand the origin of harmonic voltages, let's consider the simplified diagram on '''Fig. M3'''. | |||
[[Image:FigM02.jpg|none]] | |||
'''''Fig. M3 :''''' ''Single-line diagram showing the impedance of the supply circuit for a non-linear load'' | |||
The reactance of a conductor increases as a function of the frequency of the current flowing through the conductor. For each harmonic current (order h), there is therefore an impedance Z<sub>h</sub> in the supply circuit. | |||
The total system can be split into different circuits: | |||
* One circuit representing the flow of current at the fundamental frequency, | |||
* One circuit representing the flow of harmonic currents. | |||
'''''Fig. | [[Image:Fig_M04.jpg|none]] | ||
'''''Fig. M4 :''''' ''Split of circuit into fundamental and harmonic circuits'' | |||
When the harmonic current of order h flows through impedance Z<sub>h</sub>, it creates a harmonic voltage U<sub>h</sub>, where U<sub>h</sub> = Z<sub>h</sub> x I<sub>h</sub> (by Ohm's law). | |||
The voltage at point B is therefore distorted. All devices supplied via point B receive a distorted voltage. | |||
For a given harmonic current, the voltage distortion is proportional to the impedance in the distribution network. | |||
- | == Flow of harmonic currents in distribution networks== | ||
The non-linear loads can be considered to inject the harmonic currents upstream into the distribution network, towards the source. The harmonic currents generated by the different loads sum up at the busbar level creating the harmonic distortion. | |||
Because of the different technologies of loads, harmonic currents of the same order are generally not in phase. This diversity effect results in a partial summation. | |||
[[Image:FigM05.jpg|none]] | |||
'''''Fig. M5 :''''' ''Flow of harmonic currents in a distribution network'' | |||
Revision as of 15:27, 18 October 2013
Harmonic currents
Equipment comprising power electronics circuits are typical non-linear loads and generate harmonic currents. Such loads are increasingly frequent in all industrial, commercial and residential installations and their percentage in overall electrical consumption is growing steadily.
Examples include:
- Industrial equipment (welding machines, arc and induction furnaces, battery chargers),
- Variable Speed Drives for AC or DC motors,
- Uninterruptible Power Supplies,
- Office equipment (PCs, printers, servers, etc.),
- Household appliances (TV sets, microwave ovens, fluorescent lighting, light dimmers).
Harmonic voltages
In order to understand the origin of harmonic voltages, let's consider the simplified diagram on Fig. M3.
Fig. M3 : Single-line diagram showing the impedance of the supply circuit for a non-linear load The reactance of a conductor increases as a function of the frequency of the current flowing through the conductor. For each harmonic current (order h), there is therefore an impedance Zh in the supply circuit.
The total system can be split into different circuits:
- One circuit representing the flow of current at the fundamental frequency,
- One circuit representing the flow of harmonic currents.
Fig. M4 : Split of circuit into fundamental and harmonic circuits
When the harmonic current of order h flows through impedance Zh, it creates a harmonic voltage Uh, where Uh = Zh x Ih (by Ohm's law).
The voltage at point B is therefore distorted. All devices supplied via point B receive a distorted voltage.
For a given harmonic current, the voltage distortion is proportional to the impedance in the distribution network.
Flow of harmonic currents in distribution networks
The non-linear loads can be considered to inject the harmonic currents upstream into the distribution network, towards the source. The harmonic currents generated by the different loads sum up at the busbar level creating the harmonic distortion.
Because of the different technologies of loads, harmonic currents of the same order are generally not in phase. This diversity effect results in a partial summation.
Fig. M5 : Flow of harmonic currents in a distribution network
