Energy Efficiency and decarbonization in brief

The world energy consumption continues to grow with no perspective of slowing down in the near future. This trend is driven by different factors, both economical and sociological:

• An increase in the world population

According to the United Nations, the world’s population in 2018 was about 7.6B people and is expected to reach 9.7B people by 2050. More people are using electricity than ever before, with the proportion of the global population having access to this service rising from 83% in 2010 to 87% in 2015, then accelerating to 89% in 2017. This increase will take place mainly in Asia and Africa, where the energy use per person is expected also to grow significantly in the future: nearly 9 out of 10 people now have access to electricity, but reaching the unserved will require increased efforts.

This means that the energy needs will increase in the future, in order to allow people to benefit from a better standard of living. This additional energy need is globally not compensated by a decrease of energy consumption in developed countries. According to the International Energy Agency, the average energy use per person increased by 14% between 1990 and 2019.

• Urbanization and industrialization

In 2018, according to the United Nations, 55% of the world’s population was living in urban areas, representing 4.1B people. Urban population is expected to reach 68% of the world population by 2050: World’s population could add another 2.5 billion people to urban areas by 2050: +68% vs 2018 with close to 90% of this increase also taking place in Asia and Africa. This means that more energy will be needed for construction, manufacturing, and transportation of people and goods

The major part of energy is today obtained by burning fossil fuels (around 82% in 2012). The consequence of this is the emission of huge quantities of CO₂ (33.4 Gtons in 2019), which has an accepted impact on climate change by greenhouse effect. In addition, these fossil fuels are subject to fluctuation in prices, because of geopolitical issues and competition between countries.

For these reasons, there is a global commitment of countries to curb the use of fossil fuels: it is now widely acknowledged that the world’s economy needs to reach net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.

In 2018, the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) published a critical report on possible trajectories to keep global warming below 1.5°C. Four scenarios have been developed, all of them converged to net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050.

The Kyoto protocol was the first international agreement by which industrialized countries set objectives to reduce the greenhouse gas emission. Such a commitment has been confirmed during the Conference of Parties (COP 21) in 2015, with the objective to limit global warming within acceptable limits (maximum 2°C, and possibly 1.5°C).

In order to reach these objectives, different regulations have already been put in place in many countries, relative to energy efficient construction for example.

One of the solutions proposed to solve the dilemma between economic development and CO₂ emission is to increase the part of electricity in the energy mix. Production of electricity represents around 30% of fossil fuels consumed worldwide, and 68% of electricity is produced from the combustion of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas).

So actions that must be taken should include:

• Development of the use of renewable energies (mainly solar and wind).

Unfortunately, cost is still an issue, particularly during periods when the price of fossil fuels is low. The other major issue is the fluctuating nature of solar and wind generation. Energy storage is needed, which can significantly increase the cost yet again.

• Energy Efficiency. The objective is to provide the same level of service by consuming less energy. By implementing energy efficient electrical equipment and smart controllers, it is possible to save up to 30% of energy. This is the most cost effective means for limiting CO₂ emissions, and saving energy and cost.

Here are the main points presented in this chapter:

• Overview of worldwide standardization and Energy Efficiency assessment techniques,
• Presentation of electrical measurement as the key diagnostics tool,
• Overview of energy savings opportunities in Electrical Installations.