Other lamp technologies - constraints and recommendations

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The current actually drawn by luminaires

The risk
This characteristic is the first one that should be defined when creating an installation, otherwise it is highly probable that overload protection devices will trip and users may often find themselves in the dark.
It is evident that their determination should take into account the consumption of all components, especially for fluorescent lighting installations, since the power consumed by the ballasts has to be added to that of the tubes and bulbs.

The solution
For incandescent lighting, it should be remembered that the line voltage can be more than 10% of its nominal value, which would then cause an increase in the current drawn.
For fluorescent lighting, unless otherwise specified, the power of the magnetic ballasts can be assessed at 25% of that of the bulbs. For electronic ballasts, this power is lower, in the order of 5 to 10%.
The thresholds for the overcurrent protection devices should therefore be calculated as a function of the total power and the power factor, calculated for each circuit.

Overcurrents at switch-on

The risk
The devices used for control and protection of lighting circuits are those such as relays, triac, remote-control switches, contactors or circuit-breakers.
The main constraint applied to these devices is the current peak on energization.
This current peak depends on the technology of the lamps used, but also on the installation characteristics (supply transformer power, length of cables, number of lamps) and the moment of energization in the line voltage period. A high current peak, however fleeting, can cause the contacts on an electromechanical control device to weld together or the destruction of a solid state device with semi-conductors.

Two solutions
Because of the inrush current, the majority of ordinary relays are incompatible with lighting device power supply. The following recommendations are therefore usually made:

  • Limit the number of lamps to be connected to a single device so that their total power is less than the maximum permissible power for the device
  • Check with the manufacturers what operating limits they suggest for the devices. This precaution is particularly important when replacing incandescent lamps with compact fluorescent lamps

By way of example, the table in Figure N49 indicates the maximum number of compensated fluorescent tubes that can be controlled by different devices with 16 A rating. Note that the number of controlled tubes is well below the number corresponding to the maximum power for the devices.


Tube unit power  
requirement  (W)


Number of tubes corresponding
to the power 16 A x 230 V
Maximum number of tubes that can be controlled by
Contactors
GC16 A
CT16 A 		Remote control
switches TL16 A 		Circuit-
breakers
C60-16 A
18 204 15 50 112
36 102 15 25 56
58  63 10 16 34

Fig. N49: The number of controlled tubes is well below the number corresponding to the maximum power for the devices

But a technique exists to limit the current peak on energization of circuits with capacitive behavior (magnetic ballasts with parallel compensation and electronic ballasts). It consists of ensuring that activation occurs at the moment when the line voltage passes through zero. Only solid state switches with semi-conductors offer this possibility (see Fig. N50a). This technique has proved to be particularly useful when designing new lighting circuits.
More recently, hybrid technology devices have been developed that combine a solid state switch (activation on voltage passage through zero) and an electromechanical contactor short-circuiting the solid state switch (reduction of losses in the semi-conductors) (see Fig. N50b).

FigN50a.jpg      FigN50b.jpg      FigN50c.jpg

            a                               b                                  c

Fig. N50: “Standard” CT+ contactor [a], CT+ contactor with manual override, pushbutton for selection of operating mode and indicator lamp showing the active operating mode [b], and TL + remote-control switch [c] (Schneider Electric brand)

Choice of relay rating according to lamp type

Modular contactors and impulse relays do not use the same technologies. Their rating is determined according to different standards.
For example, for a given rating, an impulse relay is more efficient than a modular contactor for the control of light fittings with a strong inrush current, or with a low power factor (non-compensated inductive circuit).

Figure 51 shows the maximum number of light fittings for each relay, according to the type, power and configuration of a given lamp. As an indication, the total acceptable power is also mentioned.

  • These values are given for a 230 V circuit with 2 active conductors (single-phase phase/neutral or two-phase phase/phase). For 110 V circuits, divide the values in the table by 2.
  • To obtain the equivalent values for the whole of a 230 V three-phase circuit, multiply the number of lamps and the total acceptable power:

  -  by [math]\displaystyle{ \sqrt 3 }[/math] (1.73) for circuits without neutral;
  -  by 3 for circuits with neutral.
Note: The power ratings of the lamps most commonly used are shown in bold.


Type of lamp         Unit power and capacitance of power factor correction capacitor Maximum number of light fittings for a single-phase circuit and maximum power output per circuit
TL impulse relay CT contactor
16A                       32A                            16A                   25A                      40A                  63A                           
Basic incandescent lamps
LV halogen lamps
Replacement mercury vapour lamps (without ballast)
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
  		40W 40 1500 W
to
1600 W 		106 4000 W
to
4200 W 		38 1550 W
to
2000 W 		57 2300 W
to
2850 W 		115 4600 W
to
5250 W 		172 6900 W
to
7500 W
60W 25 66 30 45 85 125
75W 20 53 25 38 70 100
100W 16 42 19 28 50 73
150W 10 28 12 18 35 50
200W 8 21 10 14 26 37
300W 5 1500 W 13 4000 W 7 2100 W 10 3000 W 18 5500 W
to
6000 W 		25 7500 W
to
8000 W
500W 3 8 4 6 10 15
1000W 1 4 2 3 6 8
1500W 1 2 1 2 4 5
ELV 12 or 24 V halogen lamps
With ferromagnetic transformer 20W 70 1350 W
to
1450 W 		180 3600 W
to
3750 W 		15 300 W
to
600 W 		23 450 W
to
900 W 		42 850 W
to
1950 W 		63 1250 W
to
2850 W
50W 28 74 10 15 27 42
75W 19 50 8 12 23 35
100W 14 37 6 8 18 27
With electronic transformer 20W 60 1200 W
to
1400 W 		160 3200 W
to
3350 W 		62 1250 W
to
1600 W 		90 1850 W
to
2250 W 		182 3650 W
to
4200 W 		275 5500 W
to
6000 W
50W 25 65 25 39 76 114
75W 18 44 20 28 53 78
100W 14 33 16 22 42 60
Fluorescent tubes with starter and ferromagnetic ballast
1 tube
without compensation (1) 		15W 83 1250 W
to
1300 W 		213 3200 W
to
3350 W 		22 330 W
to
850 W 		30 450 W
to
1200 W 		70 1050 W
to
2400 W 		100 1500 W
to
3850 W
18W 70 186 22 30 70 100
20W 62 160 22 30 70 100
36W 35 93 20 28 60 90
40W 31 81 20 28 60 90
58W 21 55 13 17 35 56
65W 20 50 13 17 35 56
80W 16 41 10 15 30 48
115W 11 29 7 10 20 32
1 tube
with parallel compensation (2) 		15W 5 µF 60 900 W 160 2400 W 15 200 W
to
800 W 		20 300 W
to
1200 W 		40 600 W
to
2400 W 		60 900 W
to
3500 W
18W 5 µF 50 133 15 20 40 60
20W 5 µF 45 120 15 20 40 60
36W 5 µF 25 66 15 20 40 60
40W 5 µF 22 60 15 20 40 60
58W 7 µF 16 42 10 15 30 43
65W 7 µF 13 37 10 15 30 43
80W 7 µF 11 30 10 15 30 43
115W 16µF     7 20 5 7 14 20
2 or 4 tubes
with series compensation 		2 x 18W 56 2000 W 148 5300 W 30 1100 W
to
1500 W 		46 1650 W
to
2400 W 		80 2900 W
to
3800 W 		123 4450 W
to
5900 W
4 x 18W 28 74 16 24 44 68
2 x 36 W 28 74 16 24 44 68
2 x 58 W 17 45 10 16 27 42
2 x 65 W 15 40 10 16 27 42
2 x 80 W 12 33 9 13 22 34
2 x 115 W 8 23 6 10 16 25
Fluorescent tubes with electronic ballast
1 or 2 tubes 18W 80 1450 W
to
1550 W 		212 3800 W
to
4000 W 		74 1300 W
to
1400 W 		111 2000 W
to
2200 W 		222 4000 W
to
4400 W 		333 6000 W
to
6600 W
36W 40 106 38 58 117 176
58W 26 69 25 37 74 111
2 x18 W 40 106 36 55 111 166
2 x36 W 20 53 20 30 60 90
2 x 58 W 13 34 12 19 38 57
Compact fluorescent lamps
With external electronic ballast 5 W 240 1200  W
to
1450 W 		630 3150 W
to
3800 W 		210 1050 W   
to
1300 W 		330 1650 W    
to
2000 W 		670 3350 W
to
4000 W 		not tested
7 W 171 457 150 222 478
9 W 138 366 122 194 383
11 W 180 318 104 163 327
18 W 77 202 66 105 216
26 W 55 146 50 76 153
With integral electronic ballast
(replacement for incandescent lamps) 		5 W 170 850 W
to
1050 W 		390 1950 W
to
2400 W 		160 800 W
to
900 W 		230 1150 W
to
1300 W 		470 2350 W
to
2600 W 		710 3550 W
to
3950 W
7 W 121 285 114 164 335 514
9 W 100 233 94 133 266 411
11 W 86 200 78 109 222 340
18 W 55 127 48 69 138 213
26 W 40 92 34 50 100 151
High-pressure mercury vapour lamps with ferromagnetic ballast without ignitor
Replacement high-pressure sodium vapour lamps with ferromagnetic ballast with integral ignitor (3)
Without compensation (1) 50 W not tested, infrequent use 15 750 W
to
1000 W 		20 1000 W
to
1600 W 		34 1700 W
to
2800 W 		53 2650 W
to
4200 W
80 W 10 15 27 40
125/110W 8 10 20 28
250 / 220
W (3) 		4 6 10 15
400 / 350
W (3) 		2 4 6 10
700 W 1 2 4 6
With parallel compensation (2) 50 W 7 µF 10 500 W
to
1400 W 		15 750 W
to
1600 W 		28 1400 W
to
3500 W 		43 2150 W
to
5000 W
80 W 8 µF 9 13 25 38
125/
110W 		10 µF 9 10 20 30
250 / 
220 
W (3)     		18 µF 4 6 11 17
400 / 350 W (3) 25 µF 3 4 8 12
700 W 40 µF 2 2 5 7
1000 W 60 µF 0 1 3 5
Low-pressure sodium vapour lamps with ferromagnetic ballast with external ignitor
Without compensation (1) 35 W not tested, infrequent use 5 270 W
to
360 W 		9 320 W
to
720 W 		14 500 W
to
1100 W 		24 850 W
to
1800 W
55 W 5 9 14 24
90 W 3 6 9 19
135 W 2 4 6 10
180 W 2 4 6 10
With parallel compensation (2) 35 W 20 µF 38 1350 W 102 3600 W 3 100 W
to
180 W 		5 175 W
to
360 W 		10 350 W
to
720 W 		15  550 W to 1100 W
55 W 20 µF 24 63 3 5 10 15
90 W 26 µF 15 40 2 4 8 11
135 W 40 µF 10 26 1 2 5 7
180 W 45 µF 7 18 1 2 4 6
High-pressure sodium vapour lamps
Metal-iodide lamps
With ferromagnetic ballast with external ignitor, without compensation (1) 35 W not tested, infrequent use 16 600 W 24 850 W
to
1200 W 		42 1450 W
to
2000 W 		64 2250 W
to
3200 W
70 W 8 12 20 32
150 W 4 7 13 18
250 W 2 4 8 11
400 W 1 3 5 8
1000 W 0 1 2 3
With ferromagnetic ballast with external ignitor and parallel compensation (2) 35 W 6 µF     34 1200 W
to
1350 W 		88 3100 W
to
3400 W 		12 450 W
to
1000 W 		18 650 W
to
2000 W 		31 1100 W
to
4000 W 		50

1750 W
to
6000 W




70 W 12 µF 17 45 6 9 16 25
150 W 20 µF 8 22 4 6 10 15
250 W 32 µF 5 13 3 4 7 10
400 W 45 µF 3 8 2 3 5 7
1000 W 60 µF 1 3 1 2 3 5
2000 W 85 µF 0 1 0 1 2 3
With electronic ballast 35 W 38 1350 W
to
2200 W 		87 3100 W
to
5000 W 		24 850 W
to
1350 W 		38 1350 W
to
2200 W 		68 2400 W
to
4000 W 		102 3600 W
to
6000 W
70 W 29 77 18 29 51 76
150 W 14 33 9 14 26 40

(1) Circuits with non-compensated ferromagnetic ballasts consume twice as much current for a given lamp power output. This explains
      the small number of lamps in this configuration.
(2) The total capacitance of the power factor correction capacitors in parallel in a circuit limits the number of lamps that can be controlled 
     by a contactor. The total downstream capacitance of a modular contactor of rating 16, 25, 40 or 63 A should not exceed 75, 100, 200
     or 300 µF respectively. Allow for these limits to calculate the maximum acceptable number of lamps if the capacitance values are 
     different from those in the table.
(3) High-pressure mercury vapour lamps without ignitor, of power 125, 250 and 400 W, are gradually being replaced by high-pressure
    sodium vapour lamps with integral ignitor, and respective power of 110, 220 and 350 W.

Fig. N51: Maximum number of light fittings for each relay, according to the type, power and configuration of a given lamp (Concluded)

Protection of lamp circuits: Maximum number of lamps and MCB rating versus lamp type, unit power and MCB tripping curve
During start up of discharge lamps (with their ballast), the inrush current drawn by each lamp may be in the order of:

  • 25 x circuit start current for the first 3 ms
  • 7 x circuit start current for the following 2 s

For fluorescent lamps with High Frequency Electronic control ballast, the protective device ratings must cope with 25 x inrush for 250 to 350 µs.
However due to the circuit resistance the total inrush current seen by the MCB is lower than the summation of all individual lamp inrush current if directly connected to the MCB.
The tables below (see Fig. N52 to NXX) take into account:

  • Circuits cables have a length of 20 meters from distribution board to the first lamp and 7 meters between each additional fittings.
  • MCB rating is given to protect the lamp circuit in accordance with the cable cross section, and without unwanted tripping upon lamp starting.
  • MCB tripping curve (C = instantaneous trip setting 5 to 10 In, D = instantaneous trip setting 10 to 14 In).


Lamp
power (W) 		Number of lamps per circuit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
MCB rating C & D tripping curve    
14/18 6 6 6 6 6  6 6  6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
14x2 6 6 6 6 6  6 6  6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
14x3 6 6 6 6 6  6 6  6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10
14x4 6 6 6 6 6  6 6  6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10
18x2 6 6 6 6 6  6 6  6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
18x4 6 6 6 6 6  6 6  6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
21/24 6 6 6 6 6  6 6  6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
21/24 x 2 6 6 6 6 6  6 6  6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
28 6 6 6 6 6  6 6  6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
28x2 6 6 6 6 6  6 6  6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10
35/36/39 6 6 6 6 6  6 6  6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
35/36 x 2 6 6 6 6 6  6 6  6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10
38/39 x 2 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
40/42 6 6 6 6 6  6 6  6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
40/42 x2 6 6 6 6 6  6 6  6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 16
49/50 6 6 6 6 6  6 6  6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6  6  6 6 
49/50 x2 6 6 6 6 6  6 6  6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 16 16 16 16
54/55 6 6 6 6 6  6 6  6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10  10
54/55 x2 6 6 6 6 6  6 6  6 10 10 10 10 10 10 16 16 16 16 16 16
60 6 6 6 6 6  6 6  6 6  6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10

Fig. N52: Fluorescent tubes with electronic ballast - Vac = 230 V


Lamp
power (W) 		Number of lamps per circuit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
MCB rating C & D tripping curve    
6 6 6 6 6 6  6 6  6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
9 6 6 6 6 6  6 6  6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
11 6 6 6 6 6  6 6  6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
13 6 6 6 6 6  6 6  6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
14 6 6 6 6 6  6 6  6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
15 6 6 6 6 6  6 6  6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
16 6 6 6 6 6  6 6  6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
17 6 6 6 6 6  6 6  6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
18 6 6 6 6 6  6 6  6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
20 6 6 6 6 6  6 6  6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
21 6 6 6 6 6  6 6  6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
23 6 6 6 6 6  6 6  6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
25 6 6 6 6 6  6 6  6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10

Fig. N53: Compact fluorescent lamps - Vac = 230 V


Lamp
power (W) 		Number of lamps per circuit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
MCB rating C tripping curve    
50 6 6 6
6 6  6 6  6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10
80 6  6 6 
 6  6 6  6  6  6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 16 16 16
125 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 20 20
250 6 10 10 16 16 16 16 16 16 20 20 25 25 25 32 32 32 32 40 40
400 6 16 20 25 25 32 32 32 32 32 32 40 40 40 50 50 50 50 63 63
1000 16 32 40 50 50 50 50 50 63 - - - - - - - - - - -
MCB rating D tripping curve
50 6 6  6  6  6 6  6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 
80 6 6 6  6  6 6 6  6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 16 16 16 16
125 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 20 20
250 6 6 10 10 10 10 16 16 16 20 20 25 25 25 32 32 32 32 40 40
400 6 10 16 16 20 20 25 25 25 32 32 40 40 40 50 50 50 50 63 63
1000 10 20 25 32 40 40 50 63 63 - - - - - - - - - - -

Fig. N54: High pressure mercury vapour (with ferromagnetic ballast and PF correction) - Vac = 230 V


Lamp
power (W) 		                                            Number of lamps per circuit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
MCB rating C tripping curve
Ferromagnetic ballast
18 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
26 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
35/36 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
55 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
91 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 16 16 16 16
131 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 20
135 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 16 16 16 16 16 16 20 20 20
180 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 16 16 16 16 20 20 20 20 25 25 25 25
Electronic ballast
36 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
55 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
66 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10
91 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 16 16 16 16
MCB rating D tripping curve
Ferromagnetic ballast
18 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
26 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
35/36 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
55 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10
91 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 16 16 16 16
131 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 20
135 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 16 16 16 16 16 16 20 20 20
180 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 16 16 16 16 20 20 20 20 25 25 25 25
Electronic ballast
36 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
55 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
66 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10
91 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 16 16 16

Fig. N55: 'Low pressure sodium (with PF correction) - Vac = 230 V

 

Lamp power (W)                                  Number of lamps per circuit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
MCB rating C tripping curve
Ferromagnetic ballast
50 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10
70 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 16 16 16
100 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
150 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 6 16 16 16 16 16 16 20 20 20 25 25
250 6 10 16 16 16 20 20 20 20 20 20 25 25 25 32 32 32 32 40 40
400 10 16 20 25 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 40 40 40 50 50 50 50 63 63
1000 16 32 40 50 50 50 50 63 63 - -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - 
Electronic ballast
35 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
50 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
100 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 16 16 16 16 16 16
MCB rating D tripping curve
Ferromagnetic ballast
50 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10
70 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 16 16 16
100 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
150 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 16 16 16 16 16 16 20 20 20 25 25
250 6 6 10 10 16 16 16 16 16 20 20 25 25 25 32 32 32 32 40 40
400 6 10 16 16 20 20 25 25 25 32 32 40 40 40 50 50 50 50 63 63
1000 10 20 32 32 40 40 50 63 63 - - - - - - - - - - -
Electronic ballast
35 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
50 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
100 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 16 16 16 16 16 16

Fig. N56: High pressure sodium (with PF correction) - Vac = 230 V


Lamp power (W)                                   Number of lamps per circuit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
MCB rating C tripping curve
Ferromagnetic ballast
35 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
70 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 16 16 16
150 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 16 16 16 16 16 16 20 20 20 25 25
250 6 10 16 16 16 20 20 20 20 20 20 25 25 25 32 32 32 32 40 40
400 6 16 20 25 25 32 32 32 32 32 32 40 40 40 50 50 50 50 63 63
1000 16 32 40 50 50 50 50 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63
1800/2000 25 50 63 63 63 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Electronic ballast
35 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
70 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
150 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 20 20 20
MCB rating D tripping curve
Electronic ballast
35 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
70 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 16 16 16
150 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 16 16 16 16 16 16 20 20 20 25 25
250 6 6 10 10 16 16 16 16 16 20 20 25 25 25 32 32 32 32 40 40
400 6 10 16 16 20 20 25 25 25 32 32 40 40 40 50 50 50 50 63 63
1000 16 20 32 32 40 50 50 63 63 - - - - - - - - - - -
1800 16 32 40 50 63 63 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
2000 20 32 40 50 63 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Electronic ballast
35 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
70 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
150 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 20 20 20

Fig. N57: <Metal halide (with PF correction) - Vac = 230 V

 

Lamp
power (W) 		Number of lamps per circuit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
                                  MCB rating C tripping curve    
1800 16 32 40 50 50 50  50 63 63 - - - -  - - - - - - -
2000 16 32 40 50 50 50 50 63 63 - - - - - - - - - - -
                             MCB rating D tripping curve
1800 16 20 32 32 32 32 50 63 63 - - - - - - - - - - -
2000 16 25 32 32 32 32 50 63 - - - - - - - - - - - -

Fig. N58: <Metal halide (with ferromagnetic ballast and PF correction) - Vac = 400 V

Overload of the neutral conductor

The risk
In an installation including, for example, numerous fluorescent tubes with electronic ballasts supplied between phases and neutral, a high percentage of 3rd harmonic current can cause an overload of the neutral conductor. Figure N59 below gives an overview of typical H3 level created by lighting.


Lamp type Typical power Setting mode Typical H3 level
Incandescend lamp with dimmer 100 W Light dimmer 5 to 45 %
ELV halogen lamp 25 W Electronic ELV transformer 5 %
Fluorescent tube 100 W Magnetic ballast 10 %
< 25 W Electronic ballast 85 %
> 25 W + PFC 30 %
Discharge lamp 100 W Magnetic ballast 10 %
  Electrical ballast 30 %

Fig. N59: Overview of typical H3 level created by lighting

The solution
Firstly, the use of a neutral conductor with a small cross-section (half) should be prohibited, as requested by Installation standard IEC  60364, section 523–5–3.
As far as overcurrent protection devices are concerned, it is necessary to provide
4-pole circuit-breakers with protected neutral (except with the TN-C system for which the PEN, a combined neutral and protection conductor, should not be cut).
This type of device can also be used for the breaking of all poles necessary to supply luminaires at the phase-to-phase voltage in the event of a fault.
A breaking device should therefore interrupt the phase and Neutral circuit simultaneously.

Leakage currents to earth

The risk
At switch-on, the earth capacitances of the electronic ballasts are responsible for residual current peaks that are likely to cause unintentional tripping of protection devices.

Two solutions
The use of Residual Current Devices providing immunity against this type of impulse current is recommended, even essential, when equipping an existing installation
(see Fig.N60).

FigN60.jpg

Fig. N60: s.i. residual current devices with immunity against impulse currents (Schneider Electric brand)

For a new installation, it is sensible to provide solid state or hybrid control devices (contactors and remote-control switches) that reduce these impulse currents (activation on voltage passage through zero).

Overvoltages

The risk
As illustrated in earlier sections, switching on a lighting circuit causes a transient state which is manifested by a significant overcurrent. This overcurrent is accompanied by a strong voltage fluctuation applied to the load terminals connected to the same circuit.
These voltage fluctuations can be detrimental to correct operation of sensitive loads (micro-computers, temperature controllers, etc.)
The Solution
It is advisable to separate the power supply for these sensitive loads from the lighting circuit power supply.

Sensitivity of lighting devices to line voltage disturbances

Short interruptions

  • The risk

Discharge lamps require a relighting time of a few minutes after their power supply has been switched off.

  • The solution

Partial lighting with instantaneous relighting (incandescent lamps or fluorescent tubes, or “hot restrike” discharge lamps) should be provided if safety requirements so dictate. Its power supply circuit is, depending on current regulations, usually distinct from the main lighting circuit.

Voltage fluctuations

  • The risk

The majority of lighting devices (with the exception of lamps supplied by electronic ballasts) are sensitive to rapid fluctuations in the supply voltage. These fluctuations cause a flicker phenomenon which is unpleasant for users and may even cause significant problems. These problems depend on both the frequency of variations and their magnitude.
Standard IEC 61000-2-2 (“compatibility levels for low-frequency conducted disturbances”) specifies the maximum permissible magnitude of voltage variations as a function of the number of variations per second or per minute.
These voltage fluctuations are caused mainly by high-power fluctuating loads (arc furnaces, welding machines, starting motors).

  • The solution

Special methods can be used to reduce voltage fluctuations. Nonetheless, it is advisable, wherever possible, to supply lighting circuits via a separate line supply.
The use of electronic ballasts is recommended for demanding applications (hospitals, clean rooms, inspection rooms, computer rooms, etc).

Developments in control and protection equipment

The use of light dimmers is more and more common. The constraints on ignition are therefore reduced and derating of control and protection equipment is less important.
New protection devices adapted to the constraints on lighting circuits are being introduced, for example Schneider Electric brand circuit-breakers and modular residual current circuit-breakers with special immunity, such as s.i. type ID switches and Vigi circuit-breakers. As control and protection equipment evolves, some now offer remote control, 24-hour management, lighting control, reduced consumption, etc.

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