MediaWiki:Eig-hierarchy

• General rules of electrical installation design
  • Electrical installation design methodology
  • Electrical installation rules, standards
    • Definition of voltage ranges
    • Electrical regulations and standards
    • Quality and safety of an electrical installation
    • Environmental directives
  • Installed power loads - Characteristics
    • Induction motors
    • Resistive-type heating appliances and incandescent lamps (conventional or halogen)
    • Fluorescent lamps
    • Discharge lamps
    • LED lamps & fixtures
  • Power loading of an installation
    • Installed power (kW)
    • Installed apparent power (kVA)
    • Estimation of actual maximum kVA demand
    • Example of application of factors ku and ks
    • Choice of transformer rating
    • Choice of power-supply sources
• Connection to the MV utility distribution network
  • Power supply at medium voltage
    • Main requirements for power supply at Medium Voltage and typical architectures
    • Medium voltages and current values according to IEC Standards
    • Different types of MV power supply
    • Some practical issues concerning MV distribution networks
  • Procedure for the establishment of a new substation
  • Protection against electrical hazards, faults and mis-operations in electrical installations
    • General principle of protection against electrical shocks in electrical installations
    • Protection of transformer and circuits
    • MV/LV transformer protection with circuit breaker
    • Interlocks and conditioned operations
  • The consumer substation with LV metering
    • Functions of a substation with LV metering
    • Choice of MV equipment for a substation with LV metering
  • The consumer substation with MV metering
    • Functions of the substation with MV metering
    • Choice of MV equipment for a substation with MV metering
  • Choice and use of MV equipment and MV/LV transformer
    • Choice of MV equipment
    • Instructions for use of MV equipment
    • Choice of MV/LV transformer
    • Ventilation in MV Substations
  • Substation including generators and parallel operation of transformers
  • Types and constitution of MV/LV distribution substations
    • Indoor substation
    • Outdoor substations
• Connection to the LV utility distribution network
  • Low voltage utility distribution networks
    • Low-voltage consumers
    • Low-voltage distribution networks
    • The consumer-service connection
    • Quality of supply voltage
  • Low voltage tariff and metering
• MV and LV architecture selection guide for buildings
  • Stakes of architecture design
  • Simplified architecture design process
    • The architecture design
    • The whole process
  • Electrical installation characteristics
  • Technological characteristics
  • Architecture assessment criteria
  • Choice of architecture fundamentals
    • Connection to the utility network
    • Internal MV circuits
    • Number and localisation of MV/LV transformer substations
    • Number of MV/LV transformers
    • MV back-up generator
  • Choice of architecture details
    • LV distribution - centralized or distributed layout
    • Presence of LV back-up generators
    • Presence of an Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
    • Configuration of LV circuits
  • Choice of equipment
  • Recommendations for architecture optimization
  • Glossary
  • Example: electrical installation in a printworks
• LV Distribution
  • Earthing schemes
    • Earthing connections
    • Definition of standardised earthing schemes
    • Characteristics of TT, TN and IT systems
    • Selection criteria for the TT, TN and IT systems
    • Choice of earthing method - implementation
    • Installation and measurements of earth electrodes
  • The installation system
    • Distribution switchboards
    • Cables and busways
    • Harmonic currents in the selection of busbar trunking systems (busways)
  • External influences (IEC 60364-5-51)
    • Definition and reference standards
    • Classification
    • List of external influences
    • Protection provided for enclosed equipment: codes IP and IK
• Protection against electric shocks and electrical fires
  • Protection against electric shock
  • Types of protection against electric shock
  • Additional protection: High sensitivity RCDs
  • Implementation of the TT system
    • TT system - Principle
    • TT system - Practical aspects
  • Implementation of the TN system
    • TN system - Principle
    • TN system - Preliminary conditions
    • TN system - Earth-fault current calculation
    • TN system - High fault current-loop impedance
  • Implementation of the IT system
    • IT system - Principle
    • IT system - Fault protection
    • IT system - Implementation of protections
    • IT system - Practical aspects
  • Residual Current Devices (RCDs)
    • Description of RCDs
    • Form factors of RCDs
    • Types of RCDs
    • Sensitivity of RCDs to disturbances
    • Coordination of residual current protective devices
  • Other protective measures against electric shocks
    • Extra Low Voltage (ELV)
    • The electrical separation of circuits
    • Class II equipment
    • Out-of-arm’s reach or interposition of obstacles
  • Protection against electrical fire risks
    • Fires of electrical origin
    • Protection against fire due to earth faults
    • Protection against arc faults in cables and connections (AFDD)
    • Protection against electrical fire risks - synthesis
• Sizing and protection of conductors
  • Conductor sizing and protection
    • Conductor sizing: methodology and definition
    • Overcurrent protection principles
    • Practical values for a protective scheme
    • Location of protective devices
    • Conductors in parallel
  • Practical method for determining the smallest allowable cross-sectional area of circuit conductors
    • General method for cable sizing
    • Recommended simplified approach for cable sizing
    • Sizing of busbar trunking systems (busways)
  • Determination of voltage drop
    • Maximum voltage drop limit
    • Calculation of voltage drop in steady load conditions
  • Short-circuit current
    • Short-circuit current at the secondary terminals of a MV/LV distribution transformer
    • 3-phase short-circuit current (Isc) at any point within a LV installation
    • Isc at the receiving end of a feeder as a function of the Isc at its sending end
    • Short-circuit current supplied by a generator or an inverter
  • Particular cases of short-circuit current
    • Calculation of minimum levels of short-circuit current
    • Verification of the withstand capabilities of cables under short-circuit conditions
  • Protective earthing conductor (PE)
    • Connection and choice for protective earthing conductor
    • Sizing of protective earthing conductor
    • Protective conductor between MV/LV transformer and the Main Low Voltage Switchboard (MLVS)
    • Equipotential conductor
  • The neutral conductor
    • Sizing the neutral conductor
    • Protection of the neutral conductor
    • Breaking of the neutral conductor
    • Isolation of the neutral conductor
  • Worked example of cable calculation
• LV switchgear: functions and selection
  • The basic functions of LV switchgear
    • LV switchgear functions - Electrical protection
    • LV switchgear functions - Isolation
    • LV switchgear functions - Switchgear control
  • The switchgear
    • Elementary switching devices
    • Combined switchgear elements
  • Choice of switchgear
    • Switchgear selection
    • Tabulated functional capabilities of LV switchgear
  • Circuit-breaker
    • Standards and description of circuit-breakers
    • Fundamental characteristics of a circuit-breaker
    • Other characteristics of a circuit-breaker
    • Selection of a circuit-breaker
    • Coordination between circuit-breakers
    • Selectivity MV/LV in a consumer’s substation
    • Ultra-rapid circuit breaker
  • Maintenance of low voltage switchgear
• Overvoltage protection
  • Overvoltage of atmospheric origin
    • Overvoltage definitions
    • Overvoltage characteristics of atmospheric origin
    • Effects on electrical installations
    • Characterization of the lightning wave
  • Principle of lightning protection
    • General rules of lightning protection
    • Building protection system
    • Lightning protection - Electrical installation protection system
    • The Surge Protection Device (SPD)
  • Design of the electrical installation protection system
    • Design rules of the electrical installation protection system
    • Elements of the protection system
    • Common characteristics of SPDs according to the installation characteristics
    • Selection of a Type 1 SPD
    • Selection of a Type 2 SPD
    • Selection of external Short Circuit Protection Device (SCPD)
    • SPD and protection device coordination table
  • Installation of Surge Protection Device
    • Connection of Surge Protection Device
    • Cabling rules of Surge Protection Device
  • Surge protection Application examples
    • SPD application example in Supermarket
    • SPD for photovoltaic applications
  • Surge protection technical supplements
    • Lightning protection standards
    • The components of a SPD
    • End-of-life indication of a SPD
    • Detailed characteristics of the external SCPD
    • Propagation of a lightning wave
    • Example of lightning current in TT system
• Energy Efficiency in electrical distribution
  • Energy Efficiency in brief
  • Energy efficiency and electricity
    • An international appetite for Energy Efficiency regulation
    • Energy Efficiency standards
    • IEC 60364-8-1 standard : Energy Efficiency in low-voltage electrical installations
    • Practical considerations to achieve Energy Efficiency
  • Diagnosis through electrical measurement
  • Energy saving opportunities
    • Energy saving opportunities - Motors
    • Energy saving opportunities - Lighting
    • Energy saving opportunities - Power factor correction and harmonic filtering
    • Energy saving opportunities - Load management
    • Energy saving opportunities - Communication and information systems
    • Energy saving opportunities - Smart Panels
  • How to evaluate energy savings
• Power Factor Correction
  • Power factor and Reactive power
    • Definition of Power Factor
    • Definition of reactive power
    • The nature of reactive power
    • Reactive power of capacitors
    • Equipment and appliances requiring reactive energy
    • Practical values of power factor
  • Why improve the power factor?
  • How to improve the power factor?
    • Theoretical principles to improve power factor
    • Equipment to improve power factor
    • The choice between a fixed or automatically-regulated bank of capacitors
  • Where to install power factor correction capacitors?
  • How to determine the optimum level of compensation?
  • Compensation at the terminals of a transformer
    • Compensation to increase the available active power output
    • Compensation of reactive energy absorbed by the transformer
  • Power factor correction of induction motors
  • Example of an installation before and after power-factor correction
  • The effects of harmonics
    • Problems arising from power-system harmonics
    • Risk of resonance due to power-system harmonics
    • Possible solutions for power-system harmonics
  • Implementation of capacitor banks
• Power harmonics management
  • Detect and eliminate harmonics: why?
  • Definition and origin of harmonics
    • Definition of harmonics
    • Origin of harmonics
  • Essential indicators of harmonic distortion and measurement principles
    • Harmonic distortion indicators - Power factor
    • Harmonic distortion indicators - Crest factor
    • Harmonic spectrum
    • R.m.s. values
    • Usefulness of the various indicators of Harmonic distortion
  • Harmonic measurement in electrical networks
  • Main effects of harmonics in electrical installations
    • Effects of harmonics - Resonance
    • Effects of harmonics - Increased losses
    • Effects of harmonics - Overload of equipment
    • Effects of harmonics - Disturbances affecting sensitive loads
    • Effects of harmonics - Economic impact
  • Harmonics standards
  • Solutions to mitigate harmonics
    • Basic solutions to mitigate harmonics
    • Harmonic filtering
    • The method to optimize harmonics mitigation
• Characteristics of particular sources and loads
  • Protection of a LV generator set and the downstream circuits
    • Generator protection
    • Downstream LV network protection
    • The monitoring functions with a generator
    • Generator Set parallel-connection
  • Uninterruptible Power Supply units (UPS)
    • Availability and quality of electrical power
    • Types of static UPSs
    • UPS Batteries
    • System earthing arrangements for installations comprising UPSs
    • Choice of protection schemes with UPS
    • Installation, connection and sizing of cables with UPS
    • The UPSs and their environment
    • Complementary equipment for UPS
  • Protection of LV/LV transformers
    • Transformer-energizing inrush current
    • Protection for the supply circuit of a LV/LV transformer
    • Typical electrical characteristics of LV/LV 50 Hz transformers
    • Protection of LV/LV transformers, using Schneider Electric circuit-breakers
  • Lighting circuits
    • The different lamp technologies
    • LED lighting - characteristics
    • LED lighting - constraints and recommendations
    • LED lamps - choice of circuit breaker
    • LED lamps - choice of contactors
    • Outdoor LED lighting
    • Other lamp technologies - characteristics
    • Other lamp technologies - constraints and recommendations
    • Other lamp technologies - choice of contactors
    • Other lamp technologies - choice of circuit breaker
    • Lighting of "building accessible to the public"
  • Asynchronous motors
    • Motor control systems
    • Motor protection functions
    • Motor monitoring
    • Motor starter configurations
    • Motor protection coordination
    • Basic motor protection scheme: circuit-breaker + contactor + thermal relay
    • Control and protection switching gear (CPS)
    • Intelligent Power and Motor Control Centre (iPMCC)
    • Communication protocols and architectures in iPMCC
• PhotoVoltaic (PV) installation
  • Trends and benefits of photovoltaic energy
  • Photovoltaic background, technology
  • PV System and Installation Rules
    • PV System: how to ensure safety during normal operation
    • PV System: protection against overvoltages
    • PV System: how to ensure safety during maintenance or emergency
    • PV System: how to ensure safety during all the life cycle of the installation
  • Photovoltaic installation architectures
    • Photovoltaic architectures - common characteristics
    • Photovoltaic system architectures
    • Photovoltaic system sizing
    • Photovoltaic installation type
    • Photovoltaic system: electrical equipments selection
    • Connection of PV system to the grid or to the private low voltage installation
  • Photovoltaic architectures for self-consumption
    • PV system connection to the electrical installation
    • Operation of electrical installation with local PV production
    • Photovoltaic for self-consumption - architecture and equipment requirements
    • Photovoltaic for self-consumption - guidelines for sizing
  • PV monitoring
• Residential premises and other special locations
  • Residential electrical installation
    • Residential electrical installation - The power network
    • Residential electrical installation - Distribution boards components
    • Residential electrical installation - Protection of people
    • Residential electrical installation - Circuits
    • Residential electrical installation - Protection against overvoltages and lightning
    • Residential electrical installation - Periodic control
    • Residential electrical installation - Requirements and recommendations for Kitchen
    • Residential electrical installation - Requirements and recommendations for Living room
  • Bathroom electrical installation
  • Requirements applicable to special installations and locations
• ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
  • EMC behaviour of different electrical distribution architecturing
  • EMC - Earthing principles and structures
  • EMC implementation
    • Equipotential bonding inside and outside buildings
    • EMC implementation - Improving equipotential conditions
    • EMC implementation - Separating cables
    • EMC implementation - Raised floors
    • EMC implementation - Cable running
    • EMC implementation - Busway
    • EMC implementation - Implementation of shielded cables
    • EMC implementation - Communication networks
    • EMC implementation - Implementation of surge arresters
    • EMC implementation - Cabinet cabling
    • EMC implementation - Standards
    • EMC implementation - Electrostatic discharge protection
  • EMC - Coupling mechanisms and counter-measures
    • Common-mode impedance coupling
    • Capacitive coupling
    • Inductive coupling
    • Radiated coupling
  • Wiring recommendations
• Measurement
  • Measurement applications
    • Measurement for Energy efficiency and cost savings
    • Measurement for Power availability and reliability
    • Measurement for Grid power quality
    • Measurement for Billing
    • Measurement for Cost allocation, bill checking and sub-billing
  • Focus on IEC 61557-12 standard