EMC implementation - Cable running
Selection of materials and their shape depends on the following criteria:
- Severity of the EM environment along cableways (proximity of sources of conducted or radiated EM disturbances)
- Authorised level of conducted and radiated emissions
- Type of cables (shielded?, twisted?, optical fibre?)
- EMI withstand capacity of the equipment connected to the wiring system
- Other environmental constraints (chemical, mechanical, climatic, fire, etc.)
- Future extensions planned for the wiring system
Non-metal cableways are suitable in the following cases:
- A continuous, low-level EM environment
- A wiring system with a low emission level
- Situations where metal cableways should be avoided (chemical environment)
- Systems using optical fibres
For metal cableways, it is the shape (flat, U-shape, tube, etc.) rather than the cross-sectional area that determines the characteristic impedance. Closed shapes are better than open shapes because they reduce common-mode coupling. Cableways often have slots for cable straps. The smaller the better. The types of slots causing the fewest problems are those cut parallel and at some distance from the cables. Slots cut perpendicular to the cables are not recommended (see Fig. R9).
Fig. R9: CEM performance of various types of metal cableways
In certain cases, a poor cableway in EMI terms may be suitable if the EM environment is low, if shielded cables or optical fibres are employed, or separate cableways are used for the different types of cables (power, data processing, etc.).
It is a good idea to reserve space inside the cableway for a given quantity of additional cables. The height of the cables must be lower than the partitions of the cableway as shown below. Covers also improve the EMC performance of cableways.
In U-shaped cableways, the magnetic field decreases in the two corners. That explains why deep cableways are preferable (see Fig. R10).
Fig. R10: Installation of different types of cables
Different types of cables (power and low-level connections) should not be installed in the same bundle or in the same cableway. Cableways should never be filled to more than half capacity.
It is recommended to electromagnetically separate groups from one another, either using shielding or by installing the cables in different cableways. The quality of the shielding determines the distance between groups. If there is no shielding, sufficient distances must be maintained (see Fig. R11).
The distance between power and control cables must be at least 5 times the radius of the larger power cable.
Fig. R11: Recommendation to install groups of cables in metal cableways
Metal building components can be used for EMC purposes. Steel beams (L, H, U or T shaped) often form an uninterrupted earthed structure with large transversal sections and surfaces with numerous intermediate earthing connections. Cables should if possible be run along such beams. Inside corners are better than the outside surfaces (see Fig. R12).
Fig. R12: Recommendation to install cables in steel beams
Both ends of metal cableways must always be connected to local earth electrodes. For very long cableways, additional connections to the earthing system are recommended between connected devices. Where possible, the distance between these earthing connections should be irregular (for symmetrical wiring systems) to avoid resonance at identical frequencies. All connections to the earthing system should be short.
Metal and non-metal cableways are available. Metal solutions offer better EMC characteristics. A cableway (cable trays, conduits, cable brackets, etc.) must offer a continuous, conducting metal structure from beginning to end.
An aluminium cableway has a lower DC resistance than a steel cableway of the same size, but the transfer impedance (Zt) of steel drops at a lower frequency, particularly when the steel has a high relative permeability µr. Care must be taken when different types of metal are used because direct electrical connection is not authorised in certain cases to avoid corrosion. That could be a disadvantage in terms of EMC.
When devices connected to the wiring system using unshielded cables are not affected by low-frequency disturbances, the EMC of non-metal cableways can be improved by adding a parallel earthing conductor (PEC) inside the cableway. Both ends must be connected to the local earthing system. Connections should be made to a metal part with low impedance (e.g. a large metal panel of the device case).
The PEC should be designed to handle high fault and common-mode currents.
Implementation
When a metal cableway is made up of a number of short sections, care is required to ensure continuity by correctly bonding the different parts. The parts should preferably be welded along all edges. Riveted, bolted or screwed connections are authorised as long as the contact surfaces conduct current (no paint or insulating coatings) and are protected against corrosion. Tightening torques must be observed to ensure correct pressure for the electrical contact between two parts.
When a particular shape of cableway is selected, it should be used for the entire length. All interconnections must have a low impedance. A single wire connection between two parts of the cableway produces a high local impedance that cancels its EMC performance.
Starting at a few MHz, a ten-centimetre connection between two parts of the cableway reduces the attenuation factor by more than a factor of ten (see Fig. R13).
Fig. R13: Metal cableways assembly
Each time modifications or extensions are made, it is very important to make sure they are carried out according to EMC rules (e.g. never replace a metal cableway by a plastic version!).
Covers for metal cableways must meet the same requirements as those applying to the cableways themselves. A cover should have a large number of contacts along the entire length. If that is not possible, it must be connected to the cableway at least at the two ends using short connections (e.g. braided or meshed connections).
When cableways must be interrupted to pass through a wall (e.g. firewalls), low-impedance connections must be used between the two parts (see Fig. R14).
Fig. R14: Recommendation for metal cableways assembly to pass through a wall
